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Evolution Korea

The economic crisis that hit Asia caused a significant rethinking of the old system of business-government alliances and the management by the public of private risks. In Korea, this meant a shift in the model of development.

In a controversial decision, the South Korean government has requested textbook publishers to ignore requests for the removal of examples of evolution in science texts for high school students. These include the evidence of the evolution of horses and of the avian ancestor Archaeopteryx.

1. Evolution and Religion

A South Korean creationist group has pushed textbook publishers to eliminate evidence of evolution from high school science texts. This was the result of a campaign run by the Society for Textbook Revise (STR), an independent branch of the Korea Association for Creation Research that aims to clear biology textbooks of "atheist materialism." The STR claims such materialism portrays an image of negativity for students, leading them to be skeptical.

When the STR's campaign hit the news, scientists around the globe expressed concern. In a letter addressed to the editor of Nature the evolutionary biologist Jae Choe at Ewha Womans University in Seoul complained that South Korea had given in to religious prejudice. He was supported by colleagues around the country, who set up an organization called Evolution Korea to organize a petition to protest the changes to the textbooks.

Some scientists are worried that the STR could be spread to other regions of the globe, where creationism has been increasing. The letter to Nature warned of the anti-evolution movement putting more pressure on textbook revisions, specifically in countries with large Christian and Muslim population.

The South Korean culture is particularly strong in the debate over evolution. 26 percent of South Koreans are members of a religious community, with the majority practicing Christianity or Buddhism. Many Koreans also follow Ch'ondogyo, an ideology based on Confucian principles, which emphasizes social harmony, individual self-cultivation, and self-respect. Ch'ondogyo teaches the human being is one with Hanulnim, the God of Sun, and that divine blessings are possible through the good works of one's.

All of this has created an ideal environment for the spread of creationism. Multiple studies have shown students with a religious background to be more reluctant to learn about evolution as compared to those who do not. The underlying reasons for this phenomenon are not clear. Students who are religious may not be as familiar with scientific theories, making them more susceptible to the creationists' influence. Another reason could be that students with religious beliefs tend to view evolution as an atheistic concept, which may make them less comfortable with it.

2. Evolution and Science

In recent years the scientific community has been concerned about anti-evolution efforts in schools. A 2009 survey revealed that more than 40 percent of Americans believe that biological evolution is not true and that believing in it would conflict with their convictions about religion. Despite the fact that creationism has been a huge success in some states, a lot of scientists feel that the best method to combat this inclination is not to be actively involved in it, but to educate the public about the evidence supporting evolution.

Scientists have a responsibility to educate their students about science including the theory of evolution. They should also educate the public on the research process and how knowledge is verified. They must also clarify that scientific theories are often challenged and re-examined. However, misinformation about the nature and purpose of research can fuel anti-evolution views.

For instance, some people may confuse the word "theory" with the common meaning of the word - a hunch or guess. In science, however an hypothesis is rigorously tested, and empirical data is used to verify it. A theory that is tested and observed repeatedly is then a scientific principle.

The debate over evolutionary theory is an excellent opportunity to discuss the significance of the scientific method and its limitations. It is important to be aware that science cannot answer questions about life's purpose or meaning, but rather allows living things to develop and evolve.

A comprehensive education should include exposure to the major fields of science including evolutionary biology. This is important because many jobs and decisions require that people know the way science operates.

The vast majority of scientists across the world accept that humans have changed over time. In a recent study that predicted the opinions of adults about the consensus around this issue people with higher levels of education and science knowledge were found to be more likely believe that there is wide agreement among scientists regarding the evolution of humans. Those with more religious faith but less scientific knowledge tend to disagree more. It is crucial that educators stress the importance of gaining an understanding of this consensus to enable people to make informed decisions about health care, energy usage and other issues of policy.

3. Evolution and Culture

A close relative to the popular evolutionary theory, the concept of cultural evolution focuses on the various ways that organisms, including humans, learn from and with each other. Researchers in this field use elaborate tools and investigative models derived from evolutionary theorists and reach back to the prehistoric human to find the origins of culture.

This approach also acknowledges that there are differences between biological and cultural characteristics. Cultural traits can be acquired slowly while biological traits are mostly inherited simultaneously (in the case of sexual species after fertilization). In the end, the emergence of one cultural characteristic can affect the development here of another.

In Korea the emergence of Western styles in the latter part of the nineteenth and early twentieth century was the result of a complex sequence of events. One of the most important was the appearance in Korea of Japanese occupation forces that introduced Western hairstyles and clothes.

Then, when Japan departed Korea in the 1930s, a portion of those trends began to reverse. By the end of World War II, Korea had once again unified and was again under the rule of the Choson dynasty.

Today, Korea is an economic and political power. Despite the recent global financial crisis, the economy of Korea has grown steadily in the past decade and is expected to sustain its steady growth in the near future.

The current government is faced with a variety of challenges. One of the biggest is the inability to come up with a consistent policy to address the economic crisis. The crisis has exposed the weaknesses in the country's policies particularly its dependence on exports and foreign investment which could not last.

As the crisis has shattered the confidence of investors, the government must review its economic strategy and come up with alternatives to boost domestic demand. It also needs to reform the incentive monitoring, monitoring, and discipline systems in place to guarantee a stable financial environment. This chapter presents several scenarios for how the Korean economy could develop post-crisis.

4. Evolution and Education

The biggest challenge for evolution educators is how to teach evolutionary concepts in a way that is suitable for students at various age groups and developmental stages. Teachers need to, for instance be aware of the diversity of religions within their classrooms and create a learning environment where students of both religious and secular beliefs feel comfortable. Additionally, teachers must recognize common misconceptions about evolution, and how to address them in their classrooms. Teachers should also have quick access to the many resources available to teach evolution.

In this context, Thinking Evolutionarily Convocation played a significant role in bringing evolutionary researchers and educators from a variety of sectors to discuss the best methods for teaching about Evolution. Participants included representatives from scientific societies as well as educational researchers, officials from government funding agencies, and curriculum developers. The convergence of various participants helped to identify some common guidelines which will serve as the foundation for future actions.

One important recommendation is that the teaching of evolution should be incorporated in all science curricula at any level. To achieve this goal it is recommended that the National Science Education Standards (NRC) require that evolution be taught in a unified way across the life sciences, with a progression of concepts that are developmental appropriate. A new publication from NRC provides guidance to schools about how to integrate evolution into the life science curriculum.

Numerous studies have shown that a more thorough teaching of evolution can lead to more knowledge and belief in the existence of evolution. It is difficult to estimate the causal effects of evolution in the classroom because school curricula do not change in a random manner and are dependent on the timing of the state board of education and the gubernatorial election. To overcome this issue I utilize a longitudinal data set that allows me to control for year and state fixed effects and the individual-level variation in teacher beliefs regarding the evolution of their curriculum.

Another important finding is that teachers who are more comfortable with teaching about evolution report having fewer personal barriers to doing so. This is consistent with the idea that a more experienced faculty is less likely to avoid evolution subjects in the classroom. They also might be more likely employ strategies, such as a reconciliatory approach known to improve the acceptance of undergraduate students of evolution (Harms and Reiss, 2019; Tolman et al., 2020).

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